To effectively transition to a low-carbon economy while bolstering energy security and economic stability, Poland is betting ...

With the winter holiday season upon us, ECFR is pleased to share the most popular policy papers and articles we published this year. Thanks to you, our dear readers, for following our work over the ...

Europe is united on proliferation. It had a major success with China’s approval of new UN sanctions against Iran in June. It has less leverage over and therefore less impact on North Korea The two ...

In late November, France’s foreign minister Jean-Noel Barrot boarded his flight from Chad after what he probably thought had been a tense but productive meeting with the country’s president, Mahamat ...

‘Economic security’ has become a Brussels buzzword in recent years, shaped by a blend of pressure from Washington and Brussels’ own protectionist instincts. In sports, playing defence rarely wins ...

Quantum technologies are transitioning from research and development (R&D) to practical commercial and military applications. This holds significant economic and strategic potential. In the next five ...

The EU won a WTO case on rare earth minerals and launched the largest anti-subsidy case on solar panels. Europeans also had concerns about telecoms giants Huawei and ZTE. Europeans want their ...

It is now many years since the European Union welcomed a new member to its midst. The last occasion was in 2013, when Western Balkan state Croatia joined. That country’s regional neighbours are all EU ...

The EU struggled to defend the ICC from African criticisms, while the ICTY made progress towards winding up big cases on the former Yugoslavia The International Criminal Court (ICC) continued to face ...

As prospective EU members, the countries of the Western Balkans need to integrate with the bloc’s internal markets and align with its climate and energy security goals. But the region remains largely ...